Extreme anisotropy of electromigration: Nickel in single-crystal tin

Highlights

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A new approach is developed to fabricate single-crystal Sn solder joints.

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Grain orientation of solder joints can be artificially controlled.

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Ni₃Sn₄ forms on the surfaces of single-crystal Sn with regularity after electromigration (EM) test.

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Experimental results unequivocally confirm the existence of extremely anisotropic EM system: Ni in single-crystal Sn.

Abstract

A new approach is developed to fabricate single-crystal Sn solder joints with a line-type structure. The primary purpose is to investigate the diffusion characteristics of Ni in single-crystal Sn with four different grain orientations during electromigration. An interesting new experimental phenomenon that Ni₃Sn₄ forms on the surfaces of single-crystal Sn with regularity occurs which should be attributed to the extremely anisotropic diffusion property of Ni in single-crystal Sn. Besides, the diffusion velocity of Ni in single-crystal Sn during electromigration is ranked as followed: (001)> (101)> (301)> (100). Experimental observations are in good agreement with kinetic analysis.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

• Electromigration; 
• Single crystal; 
• Solder; 
• Intermetallics; 
• Anisotropy
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      • • • Soure:sciencedirect